Konsep, Sejarah dan Latar Belakang Koperasi

1.    Konsep Koperasi
  
         Konsep koperasi adalah suatu bentuk  dan susunan dari koperasi itu sendiri yang memiliki azaz kehidupan yang diterapkan oleh masyarakat pada negaranya masing-masing. Konsep koperasi terdiri dari 3 konsep yaitu :

a.    Konsep Koperasi Barat 

 Konsep Koperasi Barat adalah  organisasi swasta, yang dibentuk secara sukarela oleh orang-orang yang mempunyai persamaan kepentingan, dengan maksud mengurusi kepentingan para anggotanya serta menciptakan keuntungan timbal balik bagi anggota koperasi  maupun perusahaan koperasi.

Unsur-unsur positif konsep koperasi barat, antara lain :

a.         Keinginan individu dapat dipuaskan dengan cara bekerja sama antar sesama anggota, dengan saling membantu dan saling menguntungkan

b.        Setiap individu dengan tujuan yang sama dapat berpartisipasi untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dan menanggung risiko bersama

c.         Hasil berupa surplus/keuntungan didistribusikan kepada anggota sesuai dengan metode yang telah disepakati

d.        Keuntungan yang belum didistribusikan akan dimasukkan sebagai cadangan koperasi 

Dampak langsung koperasi terhadap anggotanya : 

a.         Promosi kegiatan ekonomi anggota

b.        Pengembangan usaha perusahaan koperasi dalam hal investasi, formasi permodalan, pengembangan SDM, pengembangan keahlian untuk bertindak sebagai wirausahawan dan bekerjasama antar koperasi secara horizontal dan vertikal 

Dampak tidak langsung koperasi terhadap anggota:

a.         Pengembangan Kondisi sosial ekonomi sejumlah produsen skala kecil maupun pelanggan

b.        Mengembangkan inovasi pada perusahaan skala kecil

c.         Memberikan distribusi pendapatan yang lebih seimbang dengan pemberian harga yang wajar antara produsen dengan pelanggan, serta pemberian kesempatan yang sama pada koperasi dan perusahaan kecil.

b.    Konsep Koperasi Sosialis

       Koperasi sosialis adalah koperasi yang direncanakan dan dikendalikan oleh pemerintah, dan dibentuk dengan tujuan merasionalkan produksi, untuk menunjang perencanaan nasional. Menurut konsep ini, koperasi tidak berdiri sendiri tetapi merupakan subsistem dari sistem sosialisme untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan sistem sosialis-komunis

c.    Konsep Koperasi Negara Berkembang 

     Koperasi negara berkembang adalah perpaduan dari dua konsep koperasi diatas yaitu koperasi barat dan sosialis. Beberapa cirinya seperti adanya dominasi campur tangan pemerintah dalam pembinaan dan pengembangannya. Campur tangan pemerintah ini sepintas seperti konsep koperasi sosialis, namun sebenarnya memiliki tujuan yang berbeda. Pada koperasi sosialis tujuannya adalah merasionalkan faktor produksi dari kepemilikan pribadi ke pemilikan kolektif sedangkan pada koperasi negara berkembang tujuannya adalah untuk meningkatkan kondisi sosial ekonomi anggotanya.

2.      Latar belakang timbulnya aliran Koperasi

       Timbulnya aliran koperasi disetiap negara disebabkan oleh implementasi dari masing-masing ideologi yang dianut oleh negara-negara tersebut. Ideologi yang biasa digunakan oleh aliran koperasi adalah liberalisme/kapitalisme dan sosialisme. Maka dari itu suatu sistem perekonomian tertentu akan saling menjiwai dengan koperasi sebagai subsistemnya. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa aliran koperasi dalam suatu negara tidak dapat dipisahkan dari sistem perekonomian yang dianut oleh negara yang bersangkutan.

A.   Keterkaitan ideologi, sistem perekonomian, dan aliran koperasi

            Keterkaitan yang dianut oleh berbagai Negara dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut :

Perbedaan ideologi suatu bangsa akan mengakibatkan perbedaan sistem perekonomiannya dan aliran koperasi yang dianut pun akan berbeda. Hubungan masing-masing ideologi, sistem perekonomian dengan aliran koperasi sebagai berikut:

B.   Aliran Koperasi

           Secara umum aliran koperasi yang dianut berbagai negara di dunia dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan peran gerakkan koperasi dalam sistem perekonomian dan hubungannya dengan pemerintah. Paul Hubbert Casselman membaginya menjadi 3 aliran, yaitu:

1.   Aliran Yardstick

• Dijumpai pada negara-negara yang berideologi kapitalis atau yang menganut perekonomian Liberal.
• Koperasi dapat menjadi kekuatan untuk mengimbangi, menetralisasikan dan mengoreksi
• Pemerintah tidak melakukan campur tangan terhadap jatuh bangunnya koperasi di tengah-tengah masyarakat. Maju tidaknya koperasi terletak di tangan anggota koperasi sendiri
• Pengaruh aliran ini sangat kuat, terutama dinegara-negara barat dimana industri berkembang dg pesat. Spt di AS, Perancis, Swedia, Denmark, Jerman, Belanda dll.

2.   Aliran Sosialis

• Koperasi dipandang sebagai alat yang paling efektif untuk mencapai kesejahteraan masyarakat, disamping itu menyatukan rakyat lebih mudah melalui organisasi koperasi.
• Pengaruh aliran ini banyak dijumpai di negara-negara Eropa Timur dan Rusia

3.   Aliran Persemakmuran (Commonwealth)

• Koperasi sebagai alat yang efisien dan efektif dalam meningkatkan kualitas ekonomi masyarakat.
• Koperasi sebagai wadah ekonomi rakyat berkedudukan strategis dan memegang peranan utama dalam struktur perekonomian masyarakat
• Hubungan Pemerintah dengan gerakan koperasi bersifat “Kemitraan (partnership)”, dimana pemerintah bertanggung jawab dan berupaya agar iklim pertumbuhan koperasi tercipta dengan baik.

         3.      Sejarah Perkembangan Koperasi

a.      Sejarah lahirnya koperasi

• 1844 di Rochdale Inggris, lahirnya koperasi modern yang berkembang dewasa ini. Th 1852 jumlah koperasi di Inggris sudah mencapai 100 unit
• 1862 dibentuklah Pusat Koperasi Pembelian “The Cooperative Whole Sale Society (CWS) 
• 1818 – 1888 koperasi berkembang di Jerman dipelopori oleh Ferdinan Lasalle, Fredrich W. Raiffesen
• 1808 – 1883 koperasi berkembang di Denmark dipelopori oleh Herman Schulze 
•  1896 di London terbentuklah ICA (International Cooperative Alliance) maka koperasi telah menjadi suatu gerakan internasional

b.    Sejarah perkembangan koperasi di Indonesia

• 1895 di Leuwiliang didirikan pertama kali koperasi di Indonesia (Sukoco, “Seratus Tahun Koperasi di Indonesia”). Raden Ngabei Ariawiriaatmadja, Patih Purwokerto dkk mendirikan Bank Simpan Pinjam untuk menolong teman sejawatnya para pegawai negeri pribumi melepaskan diri dari cengkeraman pelepas uang. Bank Simpan Pinjam tersebut, semacam Bank Tabungan jika dipakai istilah UU No. 14 tahun 1967 tentang Pokok-pokok Perbankan, diberi nama “De Poerwokertosche Hulp-en Spaarbank der Inlandsche Hoofden” = Bank Simpan Pinjam para ‘priyayi’ Purwokerto.
  Atau dalam bahasa Inggris “the Purwokerto Mutual Loan and Saving Bank for Native Civil Servants”
• 1920 diadakan Cooperative Commissie yang diketuai oleh Dr. JH. Boeke sebagai Adviseur voor Volks-credietwezen.  Komisi ini diberi tugas untuk menyelidiki apakah koperasi bermanfaat di Indonesia.
• 12 Juli 1947, diselenggarakan kongres gerakan koperasi se Jawa yang pertama di Tasikmalaya
• 1960 Pemerintah mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 140 tentang Penyaluran Bahan Pokok dan menugaskan koperasi sebagai pelaksananya.
• 1961, diselenggarakan Musyawarah Nasional Koperasi I (Munaskop I) di Surabaya untuk melaksanakan prinsip Demokrasi Terpimpin dan Ekonomi Terpimpin
• 1965, Pemerintah mengeluarkan Undang-Undang No. 14 th 1965, dimana prinsip NASAKOM (Nasionalis, Sosialis dan Komunis) diterapkan di Koperasi. Tahun ini juga dilaksanakan Munaskop II di Jakarta
• 1967 Pemerintah mengeluarkan Undang-Undang No. 12 tahun 1967  tentang Pokok Pokok Perkoperasian disempurnakan  dan diganti dengan UU no. 25 tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian
• Peraturan Pemerintah No.9 tahun 1995 tentang kegiatan Usaha Simpan Pinjam dan Koperasi.

 Kesimpulan :

            Konsep koperasi adalah suatu bentuk  dan susunan dari koperasi itu sendiri yang memiliki azaz kehidupan yang diterapkan oleh masyarakat pada negaranya masing-masing. Konsep koperasi terdiri dari 3 konsep yaitu konsep koperasi barat, konsep koperasi sosialis, konsep koperasi Negara berkembang. Latar belakang timbulnya aliran koperasi disebabkan oleh implementasi dari masing-masing ideologi yang dianut oleh negara-negara tersebut. Aliran koperasi sendiri terbagi menjadi 3 yaitu : aliran yardstick, aliran sosialis dan aliran persemakmuran.

Saran:
           Seharusnya pemerintah dan masyarakat saling bahu membahu dalam membangun perekonomian masyarakat Indonesia. Pemerintah harus melakukan tugasnya sebagai orang yang bertanggung jawab dalam pertumbuhan koperasi dan masyarakat sebagai pemegang peranan utama dalam perekonomian sehingga akan terwujudnya tujuan-tujuan yang di gagaskan koperasi.

Referensi :

http://www.muradmaulana.com/2015/09/tiga-konsep-koperasi-dan-alirannya.html

http://ahim.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/9892/BAB+I.ppt

http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/255/3/052411045_Bab2.pdf

Industrialization Indonesia

5.     Industrial Sector Development Strategy

The era of economic globalization accompanied by rapid development of technology, have very tight competition and rapid changes in the business environment. Products of manufacturing in the country is now so out of the factory directly compete with foreign products, businesses also have to accept the fact that the rapid development of technology has resulted in rapid obsolescence of production facilities, the short shelf-life products, as well as with shrinking profit margins. In carrying out the process of industrial development, the situation is a reality that must be faced and should be the determining consideration in any policy to be issued, as well as a new paradigm that must be faced by any country in implementing the industrialization process of the country.

On the basis of these ideas in Indonesia's industrial development policy should be able to answer the challenges of globalization of the world economy and able to anticipate the development of rapid environmental change. International competition is a new perspective for all countries, so that the focus of industrial development strategy for the future is to develop the competitiveness of the industrial sector which is sustainable in the domestic market.

To answer and anticipate problems, issues, and challenges, the Ministry of Industry has prepared a National Industrial Development Policy has been agreed by the related parties, where the approach to industrial development is done through the cluster concept in the context of building a sustainable industrial competitiveness. In accordance with the criteria set forth competitiveness for the medium term (2005-2009) has been a core industry cluster development including the development of related industries and supporting industries.

The development strategy of the industrial sector, is divided into two, namely: basic strategy and operational strategy.

a. Strategic Rationale

1. Strengthening linkages At all levels of the value chain (value chain) of the industry including the activities of supporting industries (supporting industries), industries related (related industries), industrial infrastructure providers, and other supporting services industry. These linkages are developed in an effort to establish industry networks (networking) and improve competitiveness that encourages innovation;

2. Increase the value Throughout the value chain by building core competencies;

3. Increasing the productivity, efficiency and types of resources used in the industry, and focuses on the use of renewable resources (green product);

4. Development of Small and Medium Industries through (a) backup scheme of operations and technical guidance and management as well as the provision of special facilities in order to grow expansively and reliably competitive field. (B) encouraging SMEs to large industrial synergies through a partnership (alliance), and (c) building a business environment that support SMEs.

 b. Operational strategy

1. Business Environment Development comfortable and conducive

          a)      In cooperation with relevant agencies to develop infrastructure and physical facilities in areas of potential industrial prospects are grown, such as roads, bridges, ports, power grids, fuel, transport, warehousing, telecommunications, clean water.

          b)      Encourage the development of human resources industry, particularly in the areas of Production Engineering and Business Management.

          c)       Encouraging the development of business infrastructure services and facilities businesses supporting the industry, among other things Industrial Zone, Service R & D, Service Quality Testing, Engineering Services / design of the building and construction, Services Technical Inspection, Auditing, Consulting Services Industry, Service Maintenance & Repair, Security Service / Security services / Sewerage, calibration services, and so forth.

         d)      Develop effective incentive system policy, educative, selective, and attractive. 

         e)      Improving the legal instrument for setting conducive industrial life, which meet the following criteria:

               1) More guaranteeing business / legal certainty, including consistent law enforcement

               2) The rules around trying to clear and not difficult

               3) Reduce the smallest possible government intervention in the market

               4) Respect freedom of venture industry

               5) Clarity of rights and obligations of the industry

               6) Ensuring and no disruption of public interest, including the interruption of safety, health, cultural                     values ​​and environmental sustainability.

         f)       Sync policies related sectors, such as policies on investment and trade.

         g)      Apparatus Pembina clean, professional, and pro-business in developing and providing services facilitative to businesses, through administrative provisions that simple / easy, can prevent fraud and manipulation that cost the state and society, the impact load that does not burden the industry ( administrative compliance cost is minimal).

 REFERENSI

 http://www.betaraubd.com/2014/01/strategi-pembangunan-industri.html#

 http://mariyammariya.blogspot.co.id/2015/04/strategi-pembangunan-sektor-industri.html

News:

Sritex Reports 10% Growth in Profits in 2015

Jakarta. Sri Rejeki Isman, a leading Indonesian textile manufacturer better known as Sritex, booked more than 10 percent of profit growth last year on the back of higher sales, the company said in its financial report.

The listed garment manufacturer's net income rose 10.33 percent to $55.66 million in 2015, from $50.45 million a year earlier.

Sritex' sales grew 12.15 percent to $621.99 million last year while its net costs rose 13.04 percent to $488.58 million in the period.

Sritex was among other textile giants who saved money amid massive layoffs in 2015 due to weakening demand at home and abroad while costs were rising on the back of a declining rupiah.
The ratings company Standard & Poor's has said in a note that more favorable operating conditions this year — including moves to strengthen the rupiah against the US dollar — have yet to help stabilize credit quality for Sritex. The note cited "eroding liquidity, given high working capital and persisting capital spending" are the company's primary rationale for the negative outlook.
Standard & Poor's Ratings Services in November affirmed its BB- long-term corporate credit rating for Sritex

Analysis:

Sri rejeki isman or Sritex  is a leading Indonesian textile manufacture. The company get the profit of net income 10.33 percent to $55.66 million in 2015, from $50.45 million a year earlier. And Sritex' sales grew 12.15 percent to $621.99 million last year while its net costs rose 13.04 percent to $488.58 million in the period. Sritex saved money amid massive layoffs in 2015 due to weakening demand at home and abroad while costs were rising on the back of a declining rupiah.But The ratings company Standard & Poor's has said what is being done can’t help stabilize credit quality for Sritex.

Industrialization Indonesia

4.     Problems Industrialization

Industrialization in developing countries are generally done in an effort to replace imported goods, by trying to make their own commodities beginning always imported. The first strategy is done is the implementation of tariff barriers against imports of certain products. Next followed by building domestic industries to produce goods at the import. In addition, they are also given incentives such as tax breaks, as well as a variety of facilities and other investment stimuli.

For a new small industry grow, especially in developing countries. A new industry built yet have sufficient capacity to compete head-on with an established industry of the countries that are already developed. Industry developed countries has been on the business in a long time and have been able to improve efficiency in production processes. They have enough information and knowledge about the optimization of the production process, the situation and characteristics of the market, as well as labor market conditions so that they are able to sell a valuable product cost in the international market but still able to produce an adequate profit.

The national economy has various problems in relation to the industrial and commercial sector:

1. The national industry has been more emphasis on large-scale industry and high-tech industries. This strategy resulted in the development of industries based on imports. These industries are often hit by the depreciation of the rupiah sharply,

2. The spread unevenly because the industry is still concentrated in Java. Industry is only concentrated in one region is certainly not in line with the geographical condition of Indonesia which calls itself as an archipelago.

3. Weak export activities Indonesia who depend on import content of raw materials is high, also the high level of bank lending rates in Indonesia, apalgi Indonesia has not fully accepted in the international market

4. The composition of Indonesian export commodities in general is not a commodity that is highly competitive, but because it is related to the availability of natural resources - such as fishery products, coffee, rubber, and wood. the availability of cheap labor - such as textiles, footwear and electronic goods

5. The primary commodity exports that are a mainstay of Indonesia generally in the form of raw materials so that the added value obtained is very small. For example, Indonesia exported in the form of sawn timber, which is then imported again in the form of furniture because of limited mastery of design and technology.

6. Still relatively low quality of human resources. It is highly influenced by the formal education system and the implementation of training cebderung pattern still common and less oriented to the development needs of the business. In addition, the low quality of human resources as a result of the pattern of employment in the past are still concerned with the amount of human labor is absorbed. rather than the quality of human labor.

Indonesia industrial system does not have the capability of accountability and independent adjustment. Therefore very weak in anticipation of change and unable to undertake precautionary measures to deal with the change occurs. The changing demands of the market and the competition among industry globally not just include changes in the pattern, nature, quality, and price of the commodity being traded, but also other demands arising from the development of the idealism of the world community to human rights, environmental protection, trade liberalization, etc. Motion Indonesian economy is highly dependent on foreign capital flows into or out of Indonesia and the amount of foreign exchange reserves accumulated through trade and foreign debt.

Policies that have been pursued in a sustainable manner was observed not able to bring Indonesia's economy become more self-sufficient, even becoming dependent on:

            · Dependence on export earnings,

            · Dependence on foreign loans,

            · Reliance on foreign investment,

            · Dependence on imported technology from industrialized countries.

REFERENSI

http://bisnis.news.viva.co.id/news/read/643425-menperin--sektor-industri-di-indonesia-banyak-masalah

http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPIPS/JUR._PEND._GEOGRAFI/196103231986031-R._GURNIWAN_KAMIL_PASYA/Industri_2007.pdf

http://www.academia.edu/8143204/Analisis_Perkembangan_Industri_Indonesia

http://indoprogress.com/2016/03/industrialisasi-atau-industri-di-indonesia/

http://ebookinga.com/pdf/industrialisasi-dan-perkembangan-sektor-industri-321522991.html

Industrialization Indonesia

3.     Manufacturing Sector Development Indonesia

The development of the industrial sector in Indonesia in recent years is good enough. There are several factors that are used for projecting the growth of industrial sector in Indonesia, including the economic crisis in Europe and the entry of imported products into the domestic market. Meskpun current Indonesian manufacturing industry is experiencing bad luck, but this condition is predicted to boom in 2016. This prediction is based on a survey of several countries in Asia, an area of ​​expansion of the investors from Hong Kong. Indonesia is believed to still be the main destination for investors to develop their business.

Through out the last 10 years, Indonesia's economic growth reached its highest point in 2011, namely by 6.2%. In 2012 the growth of industrial sector in Indonesia is projected to rise about 6.4 percent from the year 2011. At that time, the manufacturing industry is able to grow 6.7%. Economic and industrial growth declined subsequently, each only reached 5% and 5.5% in 2014.

On average, in the 10 years of economic growth in Indonesia was only 5.7% and 5% growth in the industry. Low average industrial growth compared to economic growth has reduced the role of the manufacturing sector to gross domestic product (GDP), which lived 22% in 2014 from 29% in 2009. Exports of manufactured products in the same period was also decreased. The decline in the role of the industrial sector can not be separated from the weakening factors supporting industrial competitiveness. And, most worrisome is the efficiency factor of the labor market, especially with regard to labor regulations. Factors employment at 5 position 43 years ago, has now become 110 or the bottom compared to other Asean countries. For this, the most affected are labor-intensive industries such as textiles and footwear. Indonesia weak competitiveness in the manufacturing industry can not be separated from the low mastery of technology. All of the factors described above to be a burden for the development of Indonesia's manufacturing industry.

REFERENSI

http://softwareaccountingsurabaya.com/blog/perindustrian-manufaktur-yang-berkembang-di-indonesia.html

http://www.kajianpustaka.com/2014/01/industri-manufaktur.html

http://www.kemenperin.go.id/artikel/11741/Mewaspadai-Perlemahan-IndustriManufaktur

http://www.sinarharapan.co/news/read/151219011/tahun-depan-industri-manufaktur-diprediksi-tumbuh-6-1-persen

http://himiespa.feb.ugm.ac.id/peran-foreign-direct-investment-bagi-industri-manufaktur-indonesia/

Industrialization Indonesia

2.     Factors - Drivers factor Industrialization

1.     The conditions and the initial structure of the domestic economy

A State which at the beginning of economic development or industrialization own industries of primary or upstream such as iron and steel, cement, petrochemical, and industries of the middle (between the upstream and downstream), such as the capital goods industry (machine) and the means of production relatively kuatakan undergoing a process of industrialization which is faster than countries that have only downstream industries or light.

2.     The size of the domestic market as determined by a combination of the number of population and per capita rate of PN Rill.

Large domestic market, such as Indonesia, with a population of over 200 million people is one of the factors stimulating the growth-kegaiatan economic activities, including industry, because the market is huge ensure economies of scale and efficiency in the production process (assuming that factor- other determining factors support). If the small domestic market, the export is an alternative to the "it to achieve optimal production.

3.     The existence of SDA

There is a tendency that countries rich in natural resources, the level of economic diversification and the growth rate is relatively lower, and that State or terlembat tend not industrialize or process goes relatively slower than poor countries SDA.

4.     Policy Government Strategies

The pattern of industrialization in the State to implement the policy of import substitution and foreign trade policy that is protective (such as Indonesia, especially during the New Order government until the crisis occurs) is different in countries that implement export promotion policies in favor of his industry.

REFERENSI:

https://school.quipper.com/id/courses/sejarah-kelas-11-ktsp/faktor-pendorong-revolusi-industri-dan-pengaruhnya-terhadap-indonesia.html

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisasi

http://kuswanto.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/19900/7-INDUSTRIALISASI+DAN+PERKEMBANGAN.doc.

http://www.organisasi.org/1970/01/faktor-pendukung-dan-penghambat-industri-bisnis-perkembangan-dan-pembangunan-industry-ilmu-sosial-ekonomi-pembangunan.html

Industrialization Indonesia

1.     Concept and Objectives Industrialization

In the history of economic development, the concept of industrialization originated from the first industrial revolution in the mid 18th century in England, which is marked by the discovery of a new method for the request, and the discovery of new methods for spinning and weaving cotton that creates specialized in the production, as well as increased productivity of factors production used. Afterwards, innovation and new discoveries in the processing of iron and the steam engine, which encourages innovation in manufacturing, among others, steel, railways and steam ships. after that then followed the second industrial revolution in the late 18th century and early 19th century with various teknonologi development and innovation. After World War II, began to appear new technologies such as mass production system by using assembling lines, electricity, motor vehicles, the discovery of a variety of synthetic goods, and the technological revolution of telecommunications, electronics, bio, computer, and use of robots. All these developments change the pattern of industrial production, increase the volume of world trade, and accelerated the process of industrialization in the world. (Pangestu and Aswicahyono, 1996)

Economic history of the world shows that industrialization is a process of interaction between technology development, innovation, specialization of production and trade between countries, which in turn is in line with rising incomes push strukttur economic changes in many countries, from which was based on agriculture to one based on industry. It can be said that especially the combination of the two boosters from the aggregate supply side (production) the progress of technology and the innovation of products and production processes, and increase the income of people turn up the volume and composition of consumption aggregate demand side, the primary force behind accumulation process of industrialization in the world.

National industrial development goals both medium and long term is intended to overcome the problems and weaknesses in both the industrial sector and to address national issues, namely:

1. Improving the employment industry.

2. Improve Indonesia's exports and empower the domestic market.

3. Contribute significantly to the growth of the economy.

4. Support the development of the infrastructure sector.

5. Improving technological capabilities.

6. Increase the deepening of industrial structure and product diversification.

7. Improve the industrial deployment.

REFERENSI:

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisasi

http://kuswanto.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/19900/7-INDUSTRIALISASI+DAN+PERKEMBANGAN.doc.

http://www.academia.edu/8317127/INDUSTRIALISASI_DAN_PERKEMBANGAN_SEKTOR_INDUSTRI